Barnston, A.G., C. F. Ropelewski, 1992: Prediction of ENSO episodes using canonical correlation analysis. J. Climate, 5, 1316-1345.
- ENSO is one of the most important climate phenomena on Earth due to its ability to change the global atmospheric circulation, which in turn, influences temperature and precipitation across the globe. We also focus on ENSO because we can often predict its arrival many seasons in advance of its strongest impacts on weather and climate.
- ENSO is a phenomenom which extends over large spatial area and can have a different seasonal evolution from event to event. The different patterns have implications for climate impacts both locally and at a distance. The following indices all help characterize ENSO but at different locations and time scales. See the PSL news story on flavors of.
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Barnston, A.G., M. Chelliah and S.B. Goldenberg, 1997: Documentation of a highly ENSO-related SST region in the equatorial Pacific. Atmosphere-Ocean, 35, 367-383.
Barnston, A. G., M. H. Glantz, and Y. He, 1999: Predictive skill of statistical and dynamical climate models in SST forecasts during the 1997-98 El Nino episode and the 1998 LNa Nina onset. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 80, 217-243.
Halpert, M. S. and C. F. Ropelewski, 1992: Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 5, 577-593.
Higgins, R.W., Y. Zhou and H.-K. Kim, 2001: Relationships between El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation: A Climate-Weather Link. NCEP/Climate Prediction Center ATLAS 8.
Higgins, R. W., V. E. Kousky, H.-K. Kim, W. Shi, and D. Unger, 2002: High frequency and trend adjusted composites of United States temperature and precipitation by ENSO phase, NCEP/Climate Prediction Center ATLAS No. 10, 22 pp.
Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar. 1997. Why do North American climate anomalies differ from one El Nino event to another? Geophysical Research Letters, 24 (1 May): 1059-1062.
Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 1997: Origins of extreme climate states during the 1982-83 ENSO winter. J. Climate, 10, 2859-2870.
Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 2000: Understanding and predicting extratropical teleconnections related to ENSO. In El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multi-scale Variationsnd Global and Regional Impacts, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, 57-88.
Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and T. Xu, 2001: Robustness of the nonlinear climate response to ENSO's extreme phases. J. Climate, 14, 1277-1293.
Kousky, V.E., M.T. Kayano, and I.F.A Cavalcanti, 1984: The Southern Oscillation: Oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies. Tellus, 36A, 490-504.
Kousky, V. E. 1997. Warm (El Nino) episode conditions return to the tropical Pacific. Mariners Weather Log 41, no.1 (Spring): 4-7.
Kousky, V. E. and R. W. Higgins, 2004: An Alert Classifications System for Monitoring and Assessment of the ENSO Cycle, Wea and Forecasting, 22, 353-371
Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 1997: Interpretation and implications of observed inter-El Niño variability. J. Climate, 10, 83-91.
Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 1998: Annual cycle of Pacific/North American seasonal predictability associated with different phases of ENSO. J. Climate, 11, 3295-3308.
Kumar, A., A. Barnston, P. Peng, M. P. Hoerling, and L. Goddard, 2000: Changes in the spread of the seasonal mean atmospheric states associated with ENSO. J. Climate, 13, 3139-3151.
Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling, 2003: The nature and causes for the delayed atmospheric response to El Niño. J. Climate, 16, 1391-1403.
Leetma, Ants. 1989. The interplay of El Nino and La Nina. Oceanus, 32 (Summer) : 30-3434
Leetmaa, A. 1999: The first El Niño observed and forecasted from start to finish. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 80, 111-112.
Rasmusson, E. M. and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation / El. Nino. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
Rasmusson, E. M., T. H. Carpenter, 1983: The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 517-528.
Rasmusson, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, 1983: Meteorological aspects of El Nino / Southern Oscillation. Science, 222, 1195-1202.
Rasmusson, E. M. and K. Mo, 1993: Linkages between 200-mb tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies during the 1986-1989 ENSO cycle. J. Climate, 6, 595-616.
Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1986: North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Nino/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2352-2362.
Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert ,1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nino/ Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
Ropelewski, C.F. and P.D. Jones, 1987: An extension of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index. Mon. Wea. Rev, 115, 2161-2165.
Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1989: Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 268-284.
Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1996: Quantifying Southern Oscillation-precipitation relationships. J. Climate, 9, 1043-1059.
Xue, Y. and A. Leetmaa, 2000: Forecast of tropical pacific SST and sea level using a Markov model. accepted by Geophys. Res. Lett.
Xue, Y., A. Leetmaa, and M. Ji, 2000: ENSO prediction with Markov models: the impact of sea level. J. Climate, 13, 849-871.
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Plastics Make it Possible…ENSO Makes it Responsible.
ENSO Plastics is the global leader of environmental plastic solutions. With the expertise and experience to understand your needs, we provide a full spectrum of solutions from compostable, landfill biodegradable, marine degradable, renewable (bio-based) and customized solutions that lower your carbon footprint and meet the high performance demands of today’s products while ensuring the most environmental approach. At ENSO Plastics, we are committed to providing you with specialized technologies to create plastics designed for the environment for commercial and consumer use, and bringing about consumer awareness to advance environmentally sound principles that secure a better future for the generations to come.
Our product lines include:
ENSO RESTORE - Additive technology to enhance the biodegradation of traditional materials, including PET, PE, PS, PVC, Nitrile, Rubber, Latex, Phenol, PP, adhesives and more. These materials enhanced with ENSO RESTORE biodegrade 90% faster than without ENSO RESTORE. This includes biodegradation within landfills, as validated by independent certified laboratories using ASTM International test methods.
- Easy to implement drop-in additive - added at 1%
- Does NOT breakdown from oxygen or UV (not oxo-degradable)
- No loss in physical properties or shelf-life
- Provides an end-of-life solutions for both recycling and/or landfill options
- ASTM D5526, ASTM D5511, ASTM D5988 and BMP (Bio-Methane Potential) biodegradation validation
- Biodegrades in both anaerobic and aerobic environments
ENSO RENEW - Renewable biopolymer used as a standalone polymer or as a polymer replacement for PE and PP. This ASTM D6400 certified bio-resin is made from agricultural waste material, is fully edible, home and industrial compostable, marine degradable and is semi-water soluble.
- Made from agriculture industry waste processes
- FDA compliant and safe for food contact
- Use as a stand-alone resin or blend with PE up to 40%
- Compostable in industrial or home compost environments
- Marine degradable as a stand-alone resin
Custom Solutions – ENSO is a trusted partner for companies worldwide; creating unique environmental solutions, customized applications and materials for specialized projects and materials.
These solutions are critical as sustainability is more than simply “going green” and it is no longer sufficient to run status quo. Today’s market is dynamic, educated and the expectations of your customers are high. Providing sustainable solutions demands experts that understand the performance, design and disposal of your product to encompass the “3 R’s” - REDUCE, REDUCE, REDUCE.
Reduce Cost: Our goal is to reduce your costs, because we understand bottom line is that your bottom line must be sustainable, and all environmental decisions must be balanced with expense. Our solutions are designed with efficiency and cost as a determining factor which allows ENSO to remain the leader in competitive pricing and leading edge solutions for plastics sustainability.
Reduce Materials: ENSO solutions allow you to reduce the amount of petroleum based material used in your applications, compared to alternative green solutions. Our biodegradable and renewable solutions are used in very thin films and light-weighted packaging without loss in performance and properties, many manufacturers find increased performance and the ability to further lightweight materials when using ENSO solutions.
Reduce Waste: There are two primary forms of waste; scrap during manufacturing and product waste after use. ENSO has eliminated the historical high scrap rate due to processing difficulties and material incompatibility with alternative plastics. With ENSO you received fine-tuned solutions that easily integrate in your machines and processes. And, whether your product is disposed of in a landfill, marine or compost environment, ENSO has the solutions for your application and prevent long term waste problems.
ENSO Plastics is the expert in plastic sustainability, providing the knowledge and experience to evaluate your materials and create tailored solutions ideal for your product performance needs and sustainability goals.
To learn more about how your company can improve the negative impact of traditional plastics check out our Products page or speak with one of our Sales Representatives. We look forward to working with you.
*Independent 3rd party testing has shown up to 24.7% biodegradation within 160 days in optimized conditions. Actual rate of biodegradation will vary dependent upon environmental conditions and the biological activity of microorganisms surrounding the plastic.
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Have Questions About ENSO's Biodegradable, Compostable or Renewable Technologies?
Today, information spreads quickly through blogs, social tools, emails, and websites. Unfortunately, not all of it is accurate or correct.
If you have any questions about plastic recycling, biodegradable polymers, biodegradable packaging, or plastics in general, feel free to ask us.
We believe that an important part of our business is to provide education on the topic of biodegradable plastics, so let us address any questions you may have.
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ENSO Plastics: We have the Solution for Ending Plastic Pollution!
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